17
H index
29
i10 index
1505
Citations
timothy bates : Citation Profile
University of Vermont | RESEARCH PRODUCTION: 76 Articles 22 Papers RESEARCH ACTIVITY:
MORE DETAILS IN: ABOUT THIS REPORT:
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50 years (1973 - 2023). Relations with other researchers
Works with:
Authors registered in RePEc who have co-authored more than one work in the last five years with timothy bates. | Is cited by:
| Cites to:
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Main data
Where timothy bates has published?
| Working Papers Series with more than one paper published | # docs |
|---|---|
| Working Papers / Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau | 16 |
| IZA Discussion Papers / Institute of Labor Economics (IZA) | 4 |
| Proceedings / Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago | 2 |
Recent works citing timothy bates (2025 and 2024)
| Year | Title of citing document |
|---|---|
| 2024 | Reshaping gendered norms in entrepreneurship: Incorporating gender identity and entrepreneurial practice. (2024). Boddington, Monique Ingrid. In: Gender, Work and Organization. RePEc:bla:gender:v:31:y:2024:i:2:p:378-398. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper |
| 2024 | . Full description at Econpapers || Download paper |
| 2024 | . Full description at Econpapers || Download paper |
| 2024 | The Internet and the gender gap in entrepreneurship: Evidence from China. (2024). Xie, Xuanli ; Sun, Xiaoyan ; Ding, Waverly. In: Journal of Business Venturing. RePEc:eee:jbvent:v:39:y:2024:i:5:s0883902624000399. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper |
| 2024 | The effect of female leadership on contracting from Capitol Hill to Main Street. (2024). Rohrer, Maximilian ; Gerasimova, Nataliya ; Brogaard, Jonathan. In: Journal of Financial Economics. RePEc:eee:jfinec:v:155:y:2024:i:c:s0304405x24000400. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper |
| 2024 | Can business clinics induce minority entrepreneurship? Treatment effect estimates from Atlanta and New Orleans. (2024). Price, Gregory ; Bussey, Tiffany ; Gregory, Price. In: Journal of Business Venturing Insights. RePEc:eee:jobuve:v:21:y:2024:i:c:s235267342300077x. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper |
| 2024 | Consumer demand and credit supply as barriers to growth for Black-owned startups. (2024). Tan, Eugene ; Zeida, Teegawende H. In: Journal of Monetary Economics. RePEc:eee:moneco:v:143:y:2024:i:c:s0304393223001514. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper |
| 2024 | Standing strong? The causal impact of metro stations on service firms’ survival. (2024). Dubé, Jean ; Legros, Diego ; Champagne, Marie-Pier. In: Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. RePEc:eee:transa:v:181:y:2024:i:c:s0965856424000429. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper |
| 2025 | (Mis)Pricing in Loans to Businesses Owned by People of Color. (2025). Lofstrom, Magnus ; Verchot, Michael ; Bradford, William D ; Wang, Chunbei. In: IZA Discussion Papers. RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17730. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper |
| 2024 | Becoming global billionaires from mainland China: 2004–2018. (2024). Xiao, Kezhou. In: Small Business Economics. RePEc:kap:sbusec:v:62:y:2024:i:2:d:10.1007_s11187-023-00782-2. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper |
| 2024 | Save women entrepreneurs: gender, cultural context, and micro-commerce performance in Togo. (2024). Zinsou-Klassou, Kossiwa ; Korem, Ayira ; Gbandi, Tchapo. In: Small Business Economics. RePEc:kap:sbusec:v:62:y:2024:i:3:d:10.1007_s11187-023-00798-8. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper |
| 2024 | Quid pro quota: a cross-country study on the impacts of immigration quotas on early-stage entrepreneurship. (2024). Bedi, Joshua K ; Jia, Shaomeng. In: Small Business Economics. RePEc:kap:sbusec:v:63:y:2024:i:4:d:10.1007_s11187-024-00870-x. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper |
| 2024 | Is Nonprofit Entrepreneurship Unique?. (2024). Audretsch, David B ; Chowdhury, Farzana. In: Small Business Economics. RePEc:kap:sbusec:v:63:y:2024:i:4:d:10.1007_s11187-024-00885-4. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper |
| 2025 | A racial identity approach to entrepreneurship: the lived experiences of African American and Black entrepreneurs. (2025). Gibbs, Sherrhonda R ; Santos, Susana C ; Liguori, Eric W ; Morris, Michael H. In: Small Business Economics. RePEc:kap:sbusec:v:64:y:2025:i:2:d:10.1007_s11187-024-00909-z. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper |
| 2024 | What urban public services do immigrant entrepreneurs with different educational backgrounds most value?. (2024). Zhang, Yamin ; Cui, YU. In: Palgrave Communications. RePEc:pal:palcom:v:11:y:2024:i:1:d:10.1057_s41599-024-04010-4. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper |
| 2024 | Establishing the Relative Importance of Challenges in Early-stage Entrepreneurship using Analytical Hierarchy Process. (2024). Subramoniam, Suresh ; Gopi, Jisha. In: Business Perspectives and Research. RePEc:sae:busper:v:12:y:2024:i:4:p:555-578. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper |
| 2024 | Data on Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC)-Owned Businesses: Whats Out There and What Can Be Done?. (2024). Prendergast, Caila ; Fang, LI ; Finio, Nicholas ; Knaap, Gerrit-Jan. In: Economic Development Quarterly. RePEc:sae:ecdequ:v:38:y:2024:i:2:p:122-130. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper |
| 2024 | How Does Regional Social Capital Structure the Relationship Between Entrepreneurship, Ethnic Diversity, and Residential Segregation?. (2024). Lewis, Alexander C ; Cordero, Arkangel M. In: Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. RePEc:sae:entthe:v:48:y:2024:i:3:p:788-825. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper |
| 2024 | Diversity in National Culture and Financial Harvest Exit Strategy in New Technology Ventures. (2024). Milo, Orit ; Gavious, Ilanit ; Elitzur, Ramy. In: Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. RePEc:sae:entthe:v:48:y:2024:i:3:p:881-908. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper |
| 2024 | Pursuing Venture Growth Through External Participation Among Entrepreneurs in the Philippines: Evidence from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. (2024). Gozun, Brian C ; Paolo, John. In: Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies. RePEc:sae:jouent:v:10:y:2024:i:2:p:206-223. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper |
| 2024 | Innovative women entrepreneurs: experiences from Italy. (2024). Mari, Michela ; Poggesi, Sara ; Schilleci, Pinalba. In: International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal. RePEc:spr:intemj:v:20:y:2024:i:1:d:10.1007_s11365-023-00892-z. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper |
| 2024 | Business model novelty and small firm innovativeness: the relationship with need for closure and creative self-efficacy. (2024). McDowell, William C ; Brazeal, Deborah V ; Schenkel, Mark T. In: International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal. RePEc:spr:intemj:v:20:y:2024:i:1:d:10.1007_s11365-023-00943-5. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper |
| 2025 | Investing in people, not in products: how age, gender, ethnicity, and attractiveness of entrepreneurial teams influence the decision-making of angel investors in Germany. (2025). Frick, Bernd ; Fritz, Thomas ; Boerner, Livia. In: Journal of Business Economics. RePEc:spr:jbecon:v:95:y:2025:i:1:d:10.1007_s11573-024-01206-7. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper |
| 2024 | Asian entrepreneurship in the coronavirus era. (2024). Wang, Chunbei ; Borra, Cristina ; Amuedo-Dorantes, Catalina. In: Journal of Population Economics. RePEc:spr:jopoec:v:37:y:2024:i:1:d:10.1007_s00148-024-00985-1. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper |
| 2024 | Which start-ups win public procurement tenders?. (2024). Prfer, Malte ; Fner, Lena ; Krieger, Bastian. In: ZEW Discussion Papers. RePEc:zbw:zewdip:312190. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper |
Works by timothy bates:
| Year | Title | Type | Cited |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1996 | Do Preferential Procurement Programs Benefit Minority Business? In: American Economic Review. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 16 |
| 2005 | Enforcement Mechanisms Discouraging Black–American Presence in Suburban Detroit In: International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 2 |
| 1974 | Financing Black Enterprise. In: Journal of Finance. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 1 |
| 1977 | Analysis of a Commercial Bank Minority Lending Program: Comment. In: Journal of Finance. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 1 |
| 1980 | An Analysis of the Portfolio Behavior of Black-Owned Commercial Banks. In: Journal of Finance. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 14 |
| 2002 | Analysis of Young Small Firms That Have Closed: Delineating Successful from Unsuccessful Closures In: Working Papers. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | paper | 106 |
| 2005 | Analysis of young, small firms that have closed: delineating successful from unsuccessful closures.(2005) In: Journal of Business Venturing. [Full Text][Citation analysis] This paper has nother version. Agregated cites: 106 | article | |
| 2007 | Crimes Impact on the Survival Prospects of Young Urban Small Businesses In: Working Papers. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | paper | 6 |
| 2008 | Crimes Impact on the Survival Prospects of Young Urban Small Businesses.(2008) In: Economic Development Quarterly. [Full Text][Citation analysis] This paper has nother version. Agregated cites: 6 | article | |
| 2008 | Analysis of Young Neighborhood Firms Serving Urban Minority Clients In: Working Papers. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | paper | 4 |
| 2008 | Analysis of young neighborhood firms serving urban minority clients.(2008) In: Journal of Economics and Business. [Full Text][Citation analysis] This paper has nother version. Agregated cites: 4 | article | |
| 1989 | Entrepreneur Factor Inputs and Small Business Longevity In: Working Papers. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | paper | 6 |
| 1990 | An Analysis of Small Business Size and Rate of Discontinuance In: Working Papers. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | paper | 26 |
| 1990 | Self-Employment Trends Among Mexican Americans In: Working Papers. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | paper | 14 |
| 1991 | Commercial Bank Lending Practices And The Development Of Black-Owned Construction Companies In: Working Papers. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | paper | 10 |
| 1993 | Determinants Of Survival And Profiability Among Asian Immigrant-Owned Small Businesses In: Working Papers. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | paper | 3 |
| 1994 | Firms Started As Franchises Have Lower Survival Rates Than Independent Small Business Startups In: Working Papers. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | paper | 1 |
| 1995 | Preferential Procurement Programs Do Not Necessarily Help Minority-Owned Business In: Working Papers. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | paper | 5 |
| 1995 | Small Businesses Do Appear To Benefit From State/Local Government Economic Development Assistance In: Working Papers. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | paper | 8 |
| 1996 | Financing Small Business Creation: The Case of Chinese and Korean Immigrant Entrepreneurs In: Working Papers. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | paper | 68 |
| 1997 | Financing small business creation: The case of Chinese and Korean immigrant entrepreneurs.(1997) In: Journal of Business Venturing. [Full Text][Citation analysis] This paper has nother version. Agregated cites: 68 | article | |
| 1997 | Survival Patterns Among Newcomers to Franchising In: Working Papers. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | paper | 35 |
| 1997 | Survival Patterns Among Newcomers To Franchising.(1997) In: Working Papers. [Full Text][Citation analysis] This paper has nother version. Agregated cites: 35 | paper | |
| 1998 | Survival patterns among newcomers to franchising.(1998) In: Journal of Business Venturing. [Full Text][Citation analysis] This paper has nother version. Agregated cites: 35 | article | |
| 1998 | Exiting Self-Employment: An Analysis of Asian Immigrant-Owned Small Businesses In: Working Papers. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | paper | 9 |
| 1998 | MICROENTERPRISE AS AN EXIT ROUTE FROM POVERTY:* RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROGRAMS AND POLICY MAKERS In: Working Papers. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | paper | 19 |
| 1999 | Desegregating the Dollar. ByRobert E. WeemsJr · New York: New York University Press, 1998. 320 pp. Tables, appendices, bibliography, notes, and index. Cloth, $45.00. ISBN 0814792901; paper, $18.95. ISBN 0814793274. In: Business History Review. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 0 |
| 1995 | Self-employment entry across industry groups In: Journal of Business Venturing. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 142 |
| 2002 | Restricted access to markets characterizes women-owned businesses In: Journal of Business Venturing. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 34 |
| 2012 | Does venture capitalist activism improve investment performance? In: Journal of Business Venturing. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 9 |
| 2014 | Why are some people more likely to become small-businesses owners than others: Entrepreneurship entry and industry-specific barriers In: Journal of Business Venturing. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 81 |
| 1978 | Profitability in traditional and emerging lines of black business enterprise In: Journal of Urban Economics. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 2 |
| 2001 | Financing the development of urban minority communities: lessons from history In: Communities and Banking. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 10 |
| 1999 | Available evidence indicates that black-owned firms are often denied equal access to credit In: Proceedings. [Citation analysis] | paper | 5 |
| 2001 | Financing the development of urban minority communities: lessons of history In: Proceedings. [Citation analysis] | paper | 10 |
| 2000 | Financing the Development of Urban Minority Communities: Lessons of History.(2000) In: Economic Development Quarterly. [Full Text][Citation analysis] This paper has nother version. Agregated cites: 10 | article | |
| 2006 | Alleviating the lagging performance of economically depressed communities and regions In: Proceedings: Community Affairs Dept. Conferences. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 1 |
| 2007 | African Americans Pursuit of Self-Employment In: IZA Discussion Papers. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | paper | 31 |
| 2013 | African Americans’ pursuit of self-employment.(2013) In: Small Business Economics. [Full Text][Citation analysis] This paper has nother version. Agregated cites: 31 | article | |
| 2009 | Latina Entrepreneurship In: IZA Discussion Papers. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | paper | 12 |
| 2009 | Latina entrepreneurship.(2009) In: Small Business Economics. [Full Text][Citation analysis] This paper has nother version. Agregated cites: 12 | article | |
| 2010 | Why Have Lending Programs Targeting Disadvantaged Small-Business Borrowers Achieved So Little Success in the United States? In: IZA Discussion Papers. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | paper | 9 |
| 2011 | Why Have Lending Programs Targeting Disadvantaged Small Business Borrowers Achieved So Little Success in the United States?.(2011) In: Economic Development Quarterly. [Full Text][Citation analysis] This paper has nother version. Agregated cites: 9 | article | |
| 2011 | Transitions to Entrepreneurship and Industry-Specific Barriers In: IZA Discussion Papers. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | paper | 0 |
| 2009 | The impact of institutional sources of capital upon the minority-oriented venture capital industry In: Small Business Economics. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 2 |
| 2018 | Are minority-owned businesses underserved by financial markets? Evidence from the private-equity industry In: Small Business Economics. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 6 |
| 2018 | Minority entrepreneurship in twenty-first century America In: Small Business Economics. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 19 |
| 2023 | Linkages between regional characteristics and small businesses viability In: Small Business Economics. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 0 |
| 2008 | Venture-Capital Investment in Minority Business In: Journal of Money, Credit and Banking. [Citation analysis] | article | 8 |
| 2008 | Venture‐Capital Investment in Minority Business.(2008) In: Journal of Money, Credit and Banking. [Full Text][Citation analysis] This paper has nother version. Agregated cites: 8 | article | |
| 1983 | At Home In: Challenge. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 0 |
| 2011 | Minority Entrepreneurship In: Foundations and Trends(R) in Entrepreneurship. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 14 |
| 2022 | Minority Entrepreneurship 2.0 In: Foundations and Trends(R) in Entrepreneurship. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 0 |
| 1992 | Factors Affecting New Firm Success and Their Use in Venture Capital Financing In: Journal of Entrepreneurial Finance. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 5 |
| In: . [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 0 | |
| In: . [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 0 | |
| 1997 | Response: Michael Porters Conservative Urban Agenda will not Revitalize Americas Inner Cities: What will? In: Economic Development Quarterly. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 2 |
| 1998 | The Declining Status of Minorities in the New York City Construction Industry In: Economic Development Quarterly. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 10 |
| 2000 | Rejoinder to Sheryll Cashin: Programs as Token Gestures In: Economic Development Quarterly. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 0 |
| 2002 | Government as Venture Capital Catalyst: Pitfalls and Promising Approaches In: Economic Development Quarterly. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 2 |
| 2002 | Rejoinder to Charles D. Tansey: Moving Toward a More Effective Small Business Administration In: Economic Development Quarterly. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 0 |
| 2003 | Introduction to Focus Issue: Use of Financial Services by Low-Income Households In: Economic Development Quarterly. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 1 |
| 2006 | The Viability of the Minority-Oriented Venture-Capital Industry Under Alternative Financing Arrangements In: Economic Development Quarterly. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 2 |
| 2009 | Utilizing Affirmative Action in Public Sector Procurement as a Local Economic Development Strategy In: Economic Development Quarterly. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 4 |
| 2011 | Book Review: The Economics of Entrepreneurship In: Economic Development Quarterly. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 0 |
| 2013 | Greater Access to Capital Is Needed to Unleash the Local Economic Development Potential of Minority-Owned Businesses In: Economic Development Quarterly. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 24 |
| 2016 | Impacts of Owner Race and Geographic Context on Access to Small-Business Financing In: Economic Development Quarterly. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 19 |
| 2022 | The Economic Development Potential of Minority-Owned Businesses In: Economic Development Quarterly. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 3 |
| 1993 | Asian-American Success in Self-Employment In: Economic Development Quarterly. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 8 |
| 1995 | Why do Minority Business Development Programs Generate so Little Minority Business Development? In: Economic Development Quarterly. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 13 |
| 2014 | Small-business viability in America€™s urban minority communities In: Urban Studies. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 9 |
| 2015 | Has the Community Reinvestment Act increased loan availability among small businesses operating in minority neighbourhoods? In: Urban Studies. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 14 |
| 1981 | Effectiveness of the small business administration in financing minority business In: The Review of Black Political Economy. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 1 |
| 1983 | The potential for black business: A comment In: The Review of Black Political Economy. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 1 |
| 1984 | Black economic well-being since the 1950s In: The Review of Black Political Economy. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 1 |
| 1984 | Urban economic transformation and minority business opportunities In: The Review of Black Political Economy. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 1 |
| 1985 | Impact of preferential procurement policies on minority-owned businesses In: The Review of Black Political Economy. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 14 |
| 1986 | Characteristics of minorities who are entering self-employment In: The Review of Black Political Economy. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 3 |
| 1988 | Blacks and whites: Narrowing the gap? In: The Review of Black Political Economy. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 0 |
| 1988 | Do black-owned businesses employ minority workers? new evidence In: The Review of Black Political Economy. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 8 |
| 1989 | The changing nature of minority business: A comparative analysis of asian, nonminority, and black-owned businesses In: The Review of Black Political Economy. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 43 |
| 1994 | Utilization of minority employees in small business: A comparison of nonminority and black-owned urban enterprises In: The Review of Black Political Economy. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 33 |
| 1995 | Look before you leap: The Franchise route to self-employment In: The Review of Black Political Economy. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 0 |
| 1996 | Political economy of urban poverty in the 21st century: How progress and public policy generate rising poverty In: The Review of Black Political Economy. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 3 |
| 2000 | Where are the people? Review essay on Thomas SugruesThe Origins of the Urban Crisis In: The Review of Black Political Economy. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 0 |
| 2002 | Minority businesses serving government clients amidst prolonged chaos in preferential procurement programs In: The Review of Black Political Economy. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 2 |
| 2004 | Analysis of venture-capital funds that finance minority-owned businesses In: The Review of Black Political Economy. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 1 |
| 2006 | Discrimination in the Chicago-area construction industry handicaps minority-owned firms In: The Review of Black Political Economy. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 0 |
| 1975 | An evaluation of alternative strategies for expanding the number of black-owned businesses In: The Review of Black Political Economy. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 2 |
| 1976 | Lending activities of black-owned commercial banks In: The Review of Black Political Economy. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 2 |
| 1978 | Lending activities of black-owned and controlled savings and loan associations In: The Review of Black Political Economy. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 0 |
| 2010 | Alleviating the Financial Capital Barriers Impeding Business Development in Inner Cities In: Journal of the American Planning Association. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 1 |
| 1973 | An Econometric Analysis of Lending to Black Businessmen. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 3 |
| 1990 | Entrepreneur Human Capital Inputs and Small Business Longevity. In: The Review of Economics and Statistics. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 467 |
| 1975 | Government as Financial Intermediary for Minority Entrepreneurs: An Evaluation. In: The Journal of Business. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 1 |
| 1985 | Entrepreneur Human Capital Endowments and Minority Business Viability In: Journal of Human Resources. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 32 |
| 1990 | The Characteristics of Business Owners Data Base In: Journal of Human Resources. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 21 |
| 2000 | The Shape of the River: Long‐Term Consequences of Considering Race in College and University Admissions, By William G. Bowen and Derek Bok. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999. Pp. xxxvi, 472. $24.95. In: Southern Economic Journal. [Full Text][Citation analysis] | article | 0 |
CitEc is a RePEc service, providing citation data for Economics since 2001. Last updated February, 4 2025. Contact: CitEc Team