Citation analysis for Journal of Management & Governance / Springer

Citation Profile [Updated: 2019-12-04 10:36:47]

5 Years H

Impact Factor

0.41

5 Years IF

0.5

Data available in this report

[Raw data] [50 most cited papers] [50 most relevant papers] [cites used to compute IF] [Recent citations ][Frequent citing series ] [more data in EconPapers] [trace new citations] [Missing citations? Add them now] [Incorrect content? Let us know]

Main indicators

Raw Data

	IF	AIF	CIF	IF5	DOC	CDO	CIT	NCI	CCU	D2Y	C2Y	D5Y	C5Y	SC	%SC	CiY	II	AII
1990	0	0.08	0	0	0	0	0		0	0		0			0		0	0.04
1991	0	0.08	0	0	0	0	0		0	0		0			0		0	0.04
1992	0	0.08	0	0	0	0	0		0	0		0			0		0	0.04
1993	0	0.1	0	0	0	0	0		0	0		0			0		0	0.05
1994	0	0.11	0	0	0	0	0		0	0		0			0		0	0.05
1995	0	0.19	0	0	0	0	0		0	0		0			0		0	0.08
1996	0	0.22	0	0	0	0	0		0	0		0			0		0	0.1
1997	0	0.22	0	0	12	12	71		0	0		0			0		0	0.09
1998	0.17	0.26	0.07	0.17	17	29	37	2	2	12	2	12	2	1	50		0	0.12
1999	0.1	0.28	0.07	0.1	17	46	82	3	5	29	3	29	3		0		0	0.14
2000	0.03	0.33	0.05	0.07	16	62	173	3	8	34	1	46	3	2	66.7		0	0.15
2001	0.03	0.36	0.08	0.1	24	86	155	7	15	33	1	62	6	2	28.6	1	0.04	0.15
2002	0.18	0.39	0.17	0.16	17	103	73	17	33	40	7	86	14	6	35.3		0	0.21
2003	0.1	0.4	0.16	0.08	20	123	142	20	53	41	4	91	7	4	20	2	0.1	0.2
2004	0.11	0.45	0.13	0.15	22	145	157	19	72	37	4	94	14	3	15.8		0	0.2
2005	0.14	0.46	0.16	0.21	10	155	51	25	97	42	6	99	21		0		0	0.22
2006	0.34	0.46	0.26	0.27	25	180	94	46	143	32	11	93	25	7	15.2	1	0.04	0.21
2007	0.06	0.42	0.16	0.14	21	201	75	33	176	35	2	94	13	1	3		0	0.18
2008	0.11	0.44	0.22	0.24	27	228	130	51	227	46	5	98	24	2	3.9	2	0.07	0.21
2009	0.06	0.44	0.23	0.2	19	247	34	58	285	48	3	105	21	4	6.9		0	0.21
2010	0.17	0.43	0.31	0.24	21	268	130	84	369	46	8	102	24	6	7.1	2	0.1	0.18
2011	0.13	0.46	0.36	0.3	30	298	133	105	476	40	5	113	34	11	10.5	3	0.1	0.21
2012	0.2	0.47	0.35	0.19	32	330	167	114	591	51	10	118	22	29	25.4	1	0.03	0.19
2013	0.32	0.53	0.5	0.36	45	375	134	188	779	62	20	129	46	44	23.4	5	0.11	0.22
2014	0.38	0.55	0.49	0.4	45	420	106	203	984	77	29	147	59	53	26.1	2	0.04	0.22
2015	0.39	0.56	0.5	0.47	36	456	50	227	1211	90	35	173	81	41	18.1	1	0.03	0.21
2016	0.36	0.58	0.5	0.45	44	500	59	249	1460	81	29	188	85	46	18.5	6	0.14	0.2
2017	0.23	0.6	0.44	0.4	31	531	7	232	1692	80	18	202	80	45	19.4		0	0.22
2018	0.41	0.76	0.54	0.5	39	570	4	308	2001	75	31	201	101	55	17.9	1	0.03	0.31

IF:	Impact Factor: C2Y / D2Y
AIF:	Average Impact Factor for series in RePEc in year y
CIF:	Cumulative impact factor
IF5:	Impact Factor: C5Y / D5Y
DOC:	Number of documents published in year y
CDO:	Cumulative number of documents published until year y
CIT:	Number of citations to papers published in year y
NCI:	Number of citations in year y
CCU:	Cumulative number of citations to papers published until year y
D2Y:	Number of articles published in y-1 plus y-2
C2Y:	Cites in y to articles published in y-1 plus y-2
D5Y:	Number of articles published in y-1 until y-5
C5Y:	Cites in y to articles published in y-1 until y-5
SC:	selft citations in y to articles published in y-1 plus y-2
%SC:	Percentage of selft citations in y to articles published in y-1 plus y-2
CiY:	Cites in year y to documents published in year y
II:	Immediacy Index: CiY / Documents.
AII:	Average Immediacy Index for series in RePEc in year y

50 most cited documents in this series

#	Year	Title	Cited
1	2000	Learning by Interaction: Absorptive Capacity, Cognitive Distance and Governance. (2000). Nooteboom, Bart. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:4:y:2000:i:1:p:69-92. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	106
2	2004	The Corporate Governance Effects of Audit Committees. (2004). Zaman, Mahbub ; Turley, Stuart . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:8:y:2004:i:3:p:305-332. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	52
3	2004	An Examination of Socially Responsible Firmsâ Board Structure. (2004). Webb, Elizabeth . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:8:y:2004:i:3:p:255-277. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	34
4	2010	Female board appointments and firm valuation: short and long-term effects. (2010). Vera, Antonio Minguez ; Campbell, Kevin . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:14:y:2010:i:1:p:37-59. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	34
5	2008	Corporate social reporting and board representation: evidence from the Kenyan banking sector. (2008). Brown, Alistair ; Barako, Dulacha. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:12:y:2008:i:4:p:309-324. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	34
6	2012	The effect of corporate governance on sustainability disclosure. (2012). Parbonetti, Antonio ; Michelon, Giovanna. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:16:y:2012:i:3:p:477-509. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	33
7	2012	The internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises: the effect of family management, human capital and foreign ownership. (2012). Piva, Mariacristina ; Cerrato, Daniele. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:16:y:2012:i:4:p:617-644. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	33
8	2008	The effects of board size and âbusyâ directors on the market value of Italian companies. (2008). Raonic, Ivana ; Riccaboni, Angelo ; di Pietra, Roberto ; Grambovas, Christos. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:12:y:2008:i:1:p:73-91. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	29
9	2012	Internationalization, innovation and entrepreneurship: business models for new technology-based firms. (2012). Onetti, Alberto ; McDougall-Covin, Patricia ; Jones, Marian ; Zucchella, Antonella. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:16:y:2012:i:3:p:337-368. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	27
10	2011	New perspectives on board research: changing the research agenda. (2011). Zattoni, Alessandro ; Hoskisson, Robert ; Vigano, Riccardo ; Huse, Morten . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:15:y:2011:i:1:p:5-28. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	27
11	1997	Governance Structures, Coordination Mechanisms and Cognitive Models. (1997). Grandori, Anna . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:1:y:1997:i:1:p:29-47. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	26
12	2003	Ownership Structure and Value of the Largest European Firms: The Importance of Owner Identity. (2003). Thomsen, Steen ; Pedersen, Torben. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:7:y:2003:i:1:p:27-55. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	26
13	2013	Corporate boards, audit committees and voluntary disclosure: evidence from Italian Listed Companies. (2013). Greco, Giulio ; Allegrini, Marco. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:17:y:2013:i:1:p:187-216. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	25
14	2001	Neither Hierarchy nor Identity: Knowledge-Governance Mechanisms and the Theory of the Firm. (2001). Grandori, Anna . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:5:y:2001:i:3:p:381-399. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	24
15	2006	Shareholders Should Welcome Knowledge Workers as Directors. (2006). Frey, Bruno ; Osterloh, Margit. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:10:y:2006:i:3:p:325-345. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	24
16	2006	The Determinants and Effects of Board Nomination Committees. (2006). Greve, Peder ; Hu, Yan ; Ruigrok, Winfried ; Peck, Simon ; Tacheva, Sabina. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:10:y:2006:i:2:p:119-148*. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	21
17	2001	Knowledge Strategies, Firm Types, and Complementarity in Human-Resource Practices. (2001). Laursen, Keld ; Mahnke, Volker . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:5:y:2001:i:1:p:1-27. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	21
18	2003	Obfuscation, Textual Complexity and the Role of Regulated Narrative Accounting Disclosure in Corporate Governance. (2003). Rutherford, Brian. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:7:y:2003:i:2:p:187-210. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	21
19	2007	The influence of executive age, career horizon and incentives on pre-turnover earnings management. (2007). Xie, Biao ; Ning, Yixi ; Xu, Weihong ; Davidson, Wallace . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:11:y:2007:i:1:p:45-60. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	20
20	2001	Towards Design Theory and Expandable Rationality: The Unfinished Program of Herbert Simon. (2001). Hatchuel, Armand. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:5:y:2001:i:3:p:260-273. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	20
21	2010	Corporate governance, family ownership and performance. (2010). dodero, santiago ; Giovannini, Renato . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:14:y:2010:i:2:p:145-166. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	20
22	2002	Next to Production or to Technological Clusters? The Economics and Management of R&D Location. (2002). Mariani, Myriam. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:6:y:2002:i:2:p:131-152. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	19
23	2007	Does one hat fit all? The case of corporate leadership structure. (2007). Faleye, Olubunmi . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:11:y:2007:i:3:p:239-259. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	19
24	2013	How do boards of directors contribute to family SME export intensity? The role of formal and informal governance mechanisms. (2013). CalabrÃÂ², Andrea ; Calabro, Andrea ; Mussolino, Donata . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:17:y:2013:i:2:p:363-403. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	18
25	1999	Ownership Structure and Firm Performance: Evidence from Israel. (1999). Vaninsky, Alexander ; Lauterbach, Beni. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:3:y:1999:i:2:p:189-201. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	18
26	2003	CEO Reciprocal Interlocks in French Corporations. (2003). Alcouffe, Alain ; Yeo, Hee-Jung ; Pochet, Christine . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:7:y:2003:i:1:p:87-108. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	17
27	2011	Board compensation and ownership structure: empirical evidence for Italian listed companies. (2011). Barontini, Roberto ; Bozzi, Stefano. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:15:y:2011:i:1:p:59-89. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	17
28	2010	The relation between board size and firm performance in firms with a history of poor operating performance. (2010). Vafeas, Nikos ; Larmou, Sofia . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:14:y:2010:i:1:p:61-85. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	16
29	2005	Legal Person Ownership, Diversification Strategy and Firm Profitability in China. (2005). Delios, Andrew ; Wu, Zhi. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:9:y:2005:i:2:p:151-169. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	15
30	1997	The Evolution of Knowledge and the Dynamics of an Industry Network. (1997). Riccaboni, Massimo ; Pammolli, Fabio ; Orsenigo, Luigi ; Bonaccorsi, Andrea ; Turchetti, Giuseppe. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:1:y:1997:i:2:p:147-175. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	15
31	2011	The research frontier in corporate governance. (2011). Filatotchev, Igor ; Ahrens, Thomas ; Thomsen, Steen. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:15:y:2011:i:3:p:311-325. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	15
32	2010	Is philanthropy being used by corporate wrongdoers to buy good will?. (2010). Koehn, Daryl ; Ueng, Joe . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:14:y:2010:i:1:p:1-16. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	15
33	2004	Sub-Optimal Acquisition Decisions under a Majority Shareholder System. (2004). mengoli, stefano ; BIGELLI, MARCO. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:8:y:2004:i:4:p:373-405. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	14
34	2001	Corporate Governance: Stakeholder Value Versus Shareholder Value. (2001). DesbriÃÂ¨res, Philippe ; Charreaux, Gerard ; Desbrieres, Philippe. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:5:y:2001:i:2:p:107-128. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	14
35	2002	Corporate Governance and Democracy: The Stakeholder Debate Revisited. (2002). Driver, Ciaran ; Thompson, Grahame . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:6:y:2002:i:2:p:111-130. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	14
36	2000	Technological and Output Complementarities, and Inter-Firm Cooperation in Information Technology Ventures. (2000). Cantwell, John ; Colombo, Massimo . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:4:y:2000:i:1:p:117-147. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	14
37	2000	Organisational Learning and Governance Through Embedded Practices. (2000). Amin, Ash ; Cohendet, Patrick. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:4:y:2000:i:1:p:93-116. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	14
38	1997	Division of Labour and the Locus of Inventive Activity. (1997). Arora, Ashish ; Gambardella, Alfonso ; Rullani, Enzo. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:1:y:1997:i:1:p:123-140. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	13
39	2003	Corporate Governance and New Organizational Forms: Issues of Double and Multiple Agency. (2003). Child, John ; Rodrigues, Suzana . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:7:y:2003:i:4:p:337-360. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	13
40	1999	Ceremonies of Governance: Perspectives on the Role of the Audit Committee. (1999). Spira, Laura. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:3:y:1999:i:3:p:231-260. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	13
41	2005	Managing Uncertainty through Profit Sharing Contracts from Medieval Italy to Silicon Valley. (2005). Brouwer, Maria. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:9:y:2005:i:3:p:237-255. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	13
42	2008	Behavioral finance in corporate governance: economics and ethics of the devilâs advocate. (2008). Morck, Randall. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:12:y:2008:i:2:p:179-200. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	12
43	1999	Resisting Organizational Inertia: The Evolution of Industrial Districts. (1999). Lorenzoni, Gianni ; Lazerson, Mark . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:3:y:1999:i:4:p:361-377. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	12
44	1999	Networks within Industrial Districts: Organising Knowledge Creation and Transfer by Means of Moderate Hierarchies. (1999). Lipparini, Andrea ; Boari, Cristina. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:3:y:1999:i:4:p:339-360. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	12
45	2000	The Performance-Governance Relationship: The Effects of Cadbury Compliance on UK Quoted Companies. (2000). Weir, Charlie ; Laing, David . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:4:y:2000:i:4:p:265-281. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	12
46	2012	Executive remuneration in blockholder-dominated firms. How do Italian firms use stock options?. (2012). Melis, Andrea ; Gaia, Silvia ; Carta, Silvia . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:16:y:2012:i:3:p:511-541. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	12
47	2001	Corporate Governance and the Governance of Innovation: The Case of Pharmaceutical Industry. (2001). Lacetera, Nicola. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:5:y:2001:i:1:p:29-59. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	12
48	2000	It Takes Both Trust and Lack of Mistrust: The Workings of Cooperation and Relational Signaling in Contractual Relationships. (2000). Lindenberg, Siegwart . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:4:y:2000:i:1:p:11-33. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	11
49	2003	Is Stakeholder Corporate Governance Appropriate in Russia?. (2003). wright, mike ; Bishop, Kate ; Filatotchev, Igor ; Buck, Trevor. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:7:y:2003:i:3:p:263-290. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	11
50	2005	Organizational Learning under Organizational Impermanence: Collaborative Ties in Film Project Firms. (2005). Corrado, Raffaele ; Boschetti, Carlo ; Ferriani, Simone . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:9:y:2005:i:3:p:257-285. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	11

50 most relevant documents in this series (papers most cited in the last two years)

#	Year	Title	Cited
1	2012	The effect of corporate governance on sustainability disclosure. (2012). Parbonetti, Antonio ; Michelon, Giovanna. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:16:y:2012:i:3:p:477-509. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	21
2	2013	Corporate boards, audit committees and voluntary disclosure: evidence from Italian Listed Companies. (2013). Greco, Giulio ; Allegrini, Marco. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:17:y:2013:i:1:p:187-216. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	20
3	2012	The internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises: the effect of family management, human capital and foreign ownership. (2012). Piva, Mariacristina ; Cerrato, Daniele. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:16:y:2012:i:4:p:617-644. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	19
4	2000	Learning by Interaction: Absorptive Capacity, Cognitive Distance and Governance. (2000). Nooteboom, Bart. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:4:y:2000:i:1:p:69-92. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	17
5	2008	Corporate social reporting and board representation: evidence from the Kenyan banking sector. (2008). Brown, Alistair ; Barako, Dulacha. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:12:y:2008:i:4:p:309-324. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	16
6	2004	An Examination of Socially Responsible Firmsâ Board Structure. (2004). Webb, Elizabeth . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:8:y:2004:i:3:p:255-277. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	16
7	2012	Internationalization, innovation and entrepreneurship: business models for new technology-based firms. (2012). Onetti, Alberto ; McDougall-Covin, Patricia ; Jones, Marian ; Zucchella, Antonella. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:16:y:2012:i:3:p:337-368. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	15
8	2010	Female board appointments and firm valuation: short and long-term effects. (2010). Vera, Antonio Minguez ; Campbell, Kevin . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:14:y:2010:i:1:p:37-59. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	12
9	2013	How do boards of directors contribute to family SME export intensity? The role of formal and informal governance mechanisms. (2013). CalabrÃÂ², Andrea ; Calabro, Andrea ; Mussolino, Donata . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:17:y:2013:i:2:p:363-403. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	12
10	2016	Does the presence of independent and female directors impact firm performance? A multi-country study of board diversity. (2016). Terjesen, Siri ; Francisco, Paulo Morais ; Couto, Eduardo Barbosa . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:20:y:2016:i:3:d:10.1007_s10997-014-9307-8. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	11
11	2011	New perspectives on board research: changing the research agenda. (2011). Zattoni, Alessandro ; Hoskisson, Robert ; Vigano, Riccardo ; Huse, Morten . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:15:y:2011:i:1:p:5-28. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	11
12	2004	The Corporate Governance Effects of Audit Committees. (2004). Zaman, Mahbub ; Turley, Stuart . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:8:y:2004:i:3:p:305-332. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	9
13	2001	Towards Design Theory and Expandable Rationality: The Unfinished Program of Herbert Simon. (2001). Hatchuel, Armand. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:5:y:2001:i:3:p:260-273. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	9
14	2003	Ownership Structure and Value of the Largest European Firms: The Importance of Owner Identity. (2003). Thomsen, Steen ; Pedersen, Torben. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:7:y:2003:i:1:p:27-55. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	9
15	2011	The research frontier in corporate governance. (2011). Filatotchev, Igor ; Ahrens, Thomas ; Thomsen, Steen. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:15:y:2011:i:3:p:311-325. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	9
16	2010	Is philanthropy being used by corporate wrongdoers to buy good will?. (2010). Koehn, Daryl ; Ueng, Joe . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:14:y:2010:i:1:p:1-16. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	8
17	2008	The effects of board size and âbusyâ directors on the market value of Italian companies. (2008). Raonic, Ivana ; Riccaboni, Angelo ; di Pietra, Roberto ; Grambovas, Christos. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:12:y:2008:i:1:p:73-91. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	8
18	2014	CEO and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance. (2014). Peni, Emilia . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:18:y:2014:i:1:p:185-205. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	8
19	2013	The governance role of multiple large shareholders: evidence from the valuation of cash holdings. (2013). Attig, Najah ; Rizeanu, Sorin ; el Ghoul, Sadok ; Guedhami, Omrane. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:17:y:2013:i:2:p:419-451. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	7
20	2007	The influence of executive age, career horizon and incentives on pre-turnover earnings management. (2007). Xie, Biao ; Ning, Yixi ; Xu, Weihong ; Davidson, Wallace . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:11:y:2007:i:1:p:45-60. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	7
21	2001	Corporate Governance: Stakeholder Value Versus Shareholder Value. (2001). DesbriÃÂ¨res, Philippe ; Charreaux, Gerard ; Desbrieres, Philippe. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:5:y:2001:i:2:p:107-128. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	6
22	2015	Board diversity and organizational valuation: unravelling the effects of ethnicity and gender. (2015). Ntim, Collins. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:19:y:2015:i:1:p:167-195. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	6
23	2016	The tone of business model disclosure: an impression management analysis of the integrated reports. (2016). Melloni, Gaia ; Lai, Alessandro ; Stacchezzini, Riccardo. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:20:y:2016:i:2:d:10.1007_s10997-015-9319-z. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	6
24	2011	Board compensation and ownership structure: empirical evidence for Italian listed companies. (2011). Barontini, Roberto ; Bozzi, Stefano. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:15:y:2011:i:1:p:59-89. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	6
25	2010	Corporate governance, family ownership and performance. (2010). dodero, santiago ; Giovannini, Renato . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:14:y:2010:i:2:p:145-166. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	6
26	2011	The financial crisis, investor activists and corporate strategy: will this mean shareholders in the boardroom?. (2011). Ingley, Coral ; Mueller, Jens ; Cocks, Graeme . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:15:y:2011:i:4:p:557-587. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	5
27	2014	Boards in microfinance institutions: how do stakeholders matter?. (2014). Mersland, Roy ; Mori, Neema. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:18:y:2014:i:1:p:285-313. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	5
28	2012	Is there a distinctive MENA model of corporate governance?. (2012). Toonsi, Fahad ; Strange, Roger ; Piesse, Jenifer. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:16:y:2012:i:4:p:645-681. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	5
29	2008	Behavioral finance in corporate governance: economics and ethics of the devilâs advocate. (2008). Morck, Randall. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:12:y:2008:i:2:p:179-200. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	5
30	2015	Does the board of directors affect cash holdings? A study of French listed firms. (2015). Boubaker, Sabri ; Derouiche, Imen . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:19:y:2015:i:2:p:341-370. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	5
31	2014	Interlocking directorships and firm performance in highly regulated sectors: the moderating impact of board diversity. (2014). Pye, Annie ; Kaczmarek, Szymon ; Kimino, Satomi . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:18:y:2014:i:2:p:347-372. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	5
32	2013	Do ownership and size affect the performance of water utilities? Evidence from Estonian municipalities. (2013). Grossi, Giuseppe ; Peda, Peeter ; Liik, Margo . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:17:y:2013:i:2:p:237-259. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	5
33	2011	New perspectives on board research. (2011). Zattoni, Alessandro ; Hoskisson, Robert ; Vigano, Riccardo ; Huse, Morten . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:15:y:2011:i:1:p:1-4. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	5
34	2014	Ownership concentration, contestability, family firms, and capital structure. (2014). Moreira, Antonio ; Santos, Mario ; Vieira, Elisabete . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:18:y:2014:i:4:p:1063-1107. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	4
35	2016	Darwinism, organizational evolution and survival: key challenges for future research. (2016). Abatecola, Gianpaolo ; Filatotchev, Igor ; Breslin, Dermot ; Belussi, Fiorenza. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:20:y:2016:i:1:p:1-17. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	4
36	2012	Audit committee and internal audit and the quality of earnings: empirical evidence from Spanish companies. (2012). Barbadillo, Emiliano Ruiz ; Perez, Manuel Orta ; Garcia, Laura Sierra ; Ruizbarbadillo, Emiliano. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:16:y:2012:i:2:p:305-331. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	4
37	2001	Neither Hierarchy nor Identity: Knowledge-Governance Mechanisms and the Theory of the Firm. (2001). Grandori, Anna . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:5:y:2001:i:3:p:381-399. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	4
38	2012	The vertical network organization as a specific governance structure: what are the challenges for incomplete contracts theories and what are the theoretical implications for the boundaries of the (hub. (2012). CHASSAGNON, Virgile ; Baudry, Bernard. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:16:y:2012:i:2:p:285-303. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	4
39	2013	Applying the âcomply-or-explainâ principle: discursive legitimacy tactics with regard to codes of corporate governance. (2013). Seidl, David ; Sanderson, Paul ; Roberts, John. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:17:y:2013:i:3:p:791-826. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	4
40	2014	Capital structure, managerial ownership and firm performance: evidence from Egypt. (2014). Wahba, Hayam. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:18:y:2014:i:4:p:1041-1061. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	4
41	2000	The Performance-Governance Relationship: The Effects of Cadbury Compliance on UK Quoted Companies. (2000). Weir, Charlie ; Laing, David . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:4:y:2000:i:4:p:265-281. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	4
42	2011	The compensation of non-executive directors: rationale, form, and findings. (2011). Lasfer, Meziane ; Hahn, Peter . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:15:y:2011:i:4:p:589-601. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	4
43	2012	Executive remuneration in blockholder-dominated firms. How do Italian firms use stock options?. (2012). Melis, Andrea ; Gaia, Silvia ; Carta, Silvia . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:16:y:2012:i:3:p:511-541. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	4
44	2008	Quo Vadis? Suggestions for future corporate governance research. (2008). Tosi, Henry. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:12:y:2008:i:2:p:153-169. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	4
45	2014	Publicâprivate versus public ownership and economic performance: evidence from Italian local utilities. (2014). Monteduro, Fabio . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:18:y:2014:i:1:p:29-49. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	4
46	2001	Stakeholders Expectations of Board Roles: The Case of Subsidiary Boards. (2001). Huse, Morten ; Rindova, Violina . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:5:y:2001:i:2:p:153-178. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	4
47	1999	Resisting Organizational Inertia: The Evolution of Industrial Districts. (1999). Lorenzoni, Gianni ; Lazerson, Mark . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:3:y:1999:i:4:p:361-377. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	4
48	2016	Board size and firm value: evidence from Australia. (2016). Zhao, Ruoyun (Lucy) ; Rahman, Nahid ; Nguyen, Pascal ; Tong, Alex . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:20:y:2016:i:4:d:10.1007_s10997-015-9324-2. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	4
49	1999	Networks within Industrial Districts: Organising Knowledge Creation and Transfer by Means of Moderate Hierarchies. (1999). Lipparini, Andrea ; Boari, Cristina. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:3:y:1999:i:4:p:339-360. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	4
50	2013	The personality factor: how top management teams make decisions. A literature review. (2013). Abatecola, Gianpaolo ; Mandarelli, Gabriele ; Poggesi, Sara . In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:17:y:2013:i:4:p:1073-1100. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper	4

Citing documents used to compute impact factor: 31

Year	Title
2018	Financing innovation: two models of private equity investment. (2018). Segrestin, Blanche ; Levillain, Kevin ; Parpaleix, Laure-Anne. In: Post-Print. RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01768986. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper
2018	Family-controlled businesses and management control: the framing of âshareholder-orientedâ practices. (2018). Sbarba, Andrea Dello ; Marelli, Alessandro . In: Journal of Management Control: Zeitschrift fÃ¼r Planung und Unternehmenssteuerung. RePEc:spr:jmgtco:v:28:y:2018:i:4:d:10.1007_s00187-018-0255-3. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper
2018	Agency conflicts, executive compensation regulations and CEO pay-performance sensitivity: evidence from Sweden. (2018). Cielak, Katarzyna. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:22:y:2018:i:3:d:10.1007_s10997-018-9410-3. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper
2018	Ownership structure, investorsâ protection and corporate valuation: the effect of judicial system efficiency in family and non-family firms. (2018). Lepore, Luigi ; Cambrea, Domenico Rocco ; Paolone, Francesco. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:22:y:2018:i:4:d:10.1007_s10997-018-9405-0. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper
2018	Que disent les auditeurs quand ils ne sont plus silencieux? Le rÃ´le des vertus face aux menaces contre lâÃ©thique des auditeurs. (2018). Haj, Soraya Bel ; Lesage, Cedric. In: Post-Print. RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01907972. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper
2018	Governance, religious assurance and Islamic banks: Do Shariah boards effectively serve?. (2018). Haridan, Nurfarahin M ; Karbhari, Yusuf. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:22:y:2018:i:4:d:10.1007_s10997-018-9418-8. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper
2018	Network governance in the heritage ecology. (2018). Courtney, Richard A. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:22:y:2018:i:3:d:10.1007_s10997-017-9399-z. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper
2018	Brokerage and governance for business networks: a metasynthesis-based discussion. (2018). Leick, Birgit ; Gretzinger, Susanne. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:22:y:2018:i:4:d:10.1007_s10997-018-9403-2. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper
2018	An Exploratory Study of Cooperative Survival: Strategic Adaptation to External Developments. (2018). Grashuis, Jasper. In: Sustainability. RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:10:y:2018:i:3:p:652-:d:134062. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper
2018	CEO characteristics and firm valuation: a quantile regression analysis. (2018). Zhao, Ruoyun (Lucy) ; Rahman, Nahid ; Nguyen, Pascal. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:22:y:2018:i:1:d:10.1007_s10997-017-9383-7. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper
2018	Ownership, institutions and firm value: Cross-provincial evidence from China. (2018). Wang, Boya. In: Research in International Business and Finance. RePEc:eee:riibaf:v:44:y:2018:i:c:p:547-565. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper
2018	Do Traditional Accounting and Economic Value Added Mediate The Relationship Between Corporate Governance and Firm Value of Indonesian State-Owned Enterprises ?. (2018). Taufik, Taufik ; Adam, Mohamad ; Mu, Mu'Izzuddin ; Raneo, Agung Putra ; Wahyudi, Tertiarto. In: International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues. RePEc:eco:journ1:2018-03-15. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper
2018	Accounting for voluntary hospices in England: A business model perspective. (2018). Haslam, Colin ; Lee, Edward ; Theodosopoulos, Grigorios ; Tsitsianis, Nick. In: CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ACCOUNTING. RePEc:eee:crpeac:v:54:y:2018:i:c:p:27-40. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper
2018	Human capital and agency effects on CEO compensation of IPO biopharmaceutical firms and the marketâs response. (2018). Williams, David R ; Young, Carlton C ; Coffey, Betty S. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:22:y:2018:i:2:d:10.1007_s10997-017-9389-1. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper
2018	Co-Evolution of the University Technology Transfer: Towards a Sustainability-Oriented Industry: Evidence from Italy. (2018). , Paola ; Baiocco, Silvia. In: Sustainability. RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:10:y:2018:i:12:p:4675-:d:188976. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper
2018	Sustainability Disclosure in Integrated Reporting: Does It Matter to Investors? A Cheap Talk Approach. (2018). Camodeca, Renato ; Sagliaschi, Umberto ; Almici, Alex. In: Sustainability. RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:10:y:2018:i:12:p:4393-:d:185253. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper
2018	The Relationship between Firm Size and Age, and Its Social Responsibility ActionsâFocus on a Developing Country (Romania). (2018). Badulescu, Alina ; Hatos, Roxana ; Saveanu, Tomina . In: Sustainability. RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:10:y:2018:i:3:p:805-:d:136207. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper
2018	Undermining incentives: CEO reactions to compensation rebalancing. (2018). Marsh, John S ; Graefe-Anderson, Rachel. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:22:y:2018:i:2:d:10.1007_s10997-017-9391-7. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper
2018	Americanization as a driver of CEO pay in Europe: The moderating role of CEO power. (2018). Schmid, Stefan ; Dauth, Tobias ; Altfeld, Frederic. In: Journal of World Business. RePEc:eee:worbus:v:53:y:2018:i:4:p:433-451. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper
2018	From symbolic values to symbolic innovation: Internet-memes and innovation. (2018). Benaim, Mickael. In: Research Policy. RePEc:eee:respol:v:47:y:2018:i:5:p:901-910. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper
2018
2018	Financialisation as a strategic action field: An historically informed field study of governance reforms in Chinese state-owned enterprises. (2018). Modell, Sven ; Yang, Chunlei. In: CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ACCOUNTING. RePEc:eee:crpeac:v:54:y:2018:i:c:p:41-59. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper
2018	Board independence and firm performance: The moderating effect of institutional context. (2018). Uribe-Bohorquez, Maria-Victoria ; Garcia-Sanchez, Isabel-Maria ; Martinez-Ferrero, Jennifer. In: Journal of Business Research. RePEc:eee:jbrese:v:88:y:2018:i:c:p:28-43. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper
2018	Female board directorship and firm performance: What really matters?. (2018). Bennouri, Moez ; Nekhili, Mehdi ; Nagati, Haithem ; Chtioui, Tawhid. In: Journal of Banking & Finance. RePEc:eee:jbfina:v:88:y:2018:i:c:p:267-291. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper
2018	Do environmental, social, and governance activities improve corporate financial performance?. (2018). Yagi, Michiyuki ; Nozawa, Wataru ; Managi, Shunsuke ; Fujii, Hidemichi ; Xie, Jun. In: MPRA Paper. RePEc:pra:mprapa:88720. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper
2018	Does Corporate Social Responsibility Mediate the Relation between Boardroom Gender Diversity and Firm Performance of Chinese Listed Companies?. (2018). Sial, Muhammad Safdar ; Khuong, Nguyen Vinh ; Khan, Tehmina ; Thu, Phung Anh ; Gulzar, M A ; Cherian, Jacob ; Zheng, Chunmei. In: Sustainability. RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:10:y:2018:i:10:p:3591-:d:174422. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper
2018	Top management team heterogeneity, governance changes and book-tax differences. (2018). Abdul, Nor Shaipah ; Tye, Wei Ling ; Mohd, Mohd Muttaqin ; Ntim, Collins G. In: Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation. RePEc:eee:jiaata:v:32:y:2018:i:c:p:30-46. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper
2018
2018	Assessing corporate governance quality: substance over form. (2018). Mastroleo, Giovanni ; Schwizer, Paola ; Cosma, Simona. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:22:y:2018:i:2:d:10.1007_s10997-017-9395-3. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper
2018	A contemporary survey of islamic banking literature. (2018). Hassan, Kabir M ; Aliyu, Sirajo. In: Journal of Financial Stability. RePEc:eee:finsta:v:34:y:2018:i:c:p:12-43. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper
2018	INFLUENCE OF CULTURAL PRACTICES ON SOCIAL SUPPORT OF FEMALE ENTREPRENEURS STARTUPS. (2018). Qiu, Tianjiao. In: Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship (JDE). RePEc:wsi:jdexxx:v:23:y:2018:i:01:n:s1084946718500073. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper

Recent citations

Recent citations received in 2018

Year	Citing document
2018	Which Corporate Governance Mechanisms Drive CSR Disclosure Practices in Emerging Countries?. (2018). del Mar, Maria ; Escobar-Perez, Bernabe ; Martinez-Martinez, Domingo. In: Sustainability. RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:11:y:2018:i:1:p:61-:d:192578. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper

Recent citations received in 2017

Year	Citing document

Recent citations received in 2016

Year	Citing document
2016	The Effect of Monitoring Committees on the Relationship between Board Structure and Firm Performance. (2016). Ammari, Aymen ; Ellouze, Abderrazak ; Zemzem, Ahmed ; Amdouni, Sarra . In: Journal of Risk and Financial Management. RePEc:gam:jjrfmx:v:9:y:2016:i:4:p:14-:d:84424. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper
2016	Overall Governance Index for Developed and Emerging European Life Insurance Markets. (2016). MARIA, DRULE ALEXANDRA ; Codruta, Mare ; Laura, Dragos Simona . In: International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences. RePEc:hur:ijarbs:v:6:y:2016:i:10:p:381-391. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper
2016	Darwinism, organizational evolution and survival: key challenges for future research. (2016). Abatecola, Gianpaolo ; Filatotchev, Igor ; Breslin, Dermot ; Belussi, Fiorenza. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:20:y:2016:i:1:d:10.1007_s10997-015-9310-8. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper
2016	Special issue on âBusiness models, financial reporting and corporate governanceâ. (2016). Page, Michael ; Spira, Laura F. In: Journal of Management & Governance. RePEc:kap:jmgtgv:v:20:y:2016:i:2:d:10.1007_s10997-016-9344-6. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper
2016	A holonic framework to understand and apply information processes in evolutionary economics: survey and proposal. (2016). Madureira, A ; Baken, N ; Hartog, F. In: Netnomics. RePEc:kap:netnom:v:17:y:2016:i:2:d:10.1007_s11066-016-9107-1. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper

Recent citations received in 2015

Year	Citing document
2015	Board size, corporate regulations and firm valuation in an emerging market: a simultaneous equation approach. (2015). Ntim, Collins ; Danbolt, JO ; Opong, Kwaku K.. In: International Review of Applied Economics. RePEc:taf:irapec:v:29:y:2015:i:2:p:194-220. Full description at Econpapers \|\| Download paper

10 most frequent citing series

#	Series	H	Cites
1	Journal of Management & Governance / Springer	20	294
2	Journal of Business Ethics / Springer	55	82
3	Sustainability / MDPI, Open Access Journal	28	69
4	Post-Print / HAL	98	46
5	Journal of Business Research / Elsevier	57	29
6	International Business Review / Elsevier	42	26
7	Journal of Family Business Strategy / Elsevier	18	25
8	Journal of World Business / Elsevier	41	24
9	Research in International Business and Finance / Elsevier	23	24
10	Research Policy / Elsevier	130	22
11	MPRA Paper / University Library of Munich, Germany	87	21