[Raw data] [50 most cited papers] [50 most relevant papers] [cites used to compute IF] [Recent citations ][Frequent citing series ] [more data in EconPapers] [trace new citations] [Missing citations? Add them now] [Incorrect content? Let us know]
IF | AIF | CIF | IF5 | DOC | CDO | CIT | NCI | CCU | D2Y | C2Y | D5Y | C5Y | SC | %SC | CiY | II | AII | |
2012 | 0 | 0.68 | 0.11 | 0 | 28 | 28 | 93 | 3 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0.11 | 0.36 | |||
2013 | 0.29 | 0.66 | 0.19 | 0.29 | 34 | 62 | 117 | 12 | 19 | 28 | 8 | 28 | 8 | 1 | 8.3 | 4 | 0.12 | 0.35 |
2014 | 0.65 | 0.67 | 0.49 | 0.65 | 34 | 96 | 90 | 47 | 66 | 62 | 40 | 62 | 40 | 8 | 17 | 6 | 0.18 | 0.34 |
2015 | 0.5 | 0.65 | 0.55 | 0.48 | 17 | 113 | 24 | 61 | 128 | 68 | 34 | 96 | 46 | 5 | 8.2 | 6 | 0.35 | 0.36 |
2016 | 0.2 | 0.64 | 0.47 | 0.42 | 18 | 131 | 27 | 55 | 189 | 51 | 10 | 113 | 48 | 7 | 12.7 | 3 | 0.17 | 0.34 |
2017 | 0.26 | 0.62 | 0.29 | 0.27 | 12 | 143 | 74 | 41 | 230 | 35 | 9 | 131 | 35 | 6 | 14.6 | 5 | 0.42 | 0.35 |
2018 | 0.5 | 0.61 | 0.34 | 0.37 | 24 | 167 | 60 | 56 | 286 | 30 | 15 | 115 | 43 | 5 | 8.9 | 5 | 0.21 | 0.34 |
2019 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.3 | 0.31 | 9 | 176 | 12 | 53 | 339 | 36 | 22 | 105 | 33 | 3 | 5.7 | 2 | 0.22 | 0.36 |
2020 | 0.52 | 0.7 | 0.27 | 0.35 | 19 | 195 | 18 | 53 | 392 | 33 | 17 | 80 | 28 | 1 | 1.9 | 5 | 0.26 | 0.74 |
2021 | 0.43 | 0.95 | 0.31 | 0.48 | 9 | 204 | 14 | 64 | 456 | 28 | 12 | 82 | 39 | 5 | 7.8 | 1 | 0.11 | 0.39 |
2022 | 0.18 | 0.69 | 0.22 | 0.42 | 4 | 208 | 0 | 46 | 502 | 28 | 5 | 73 | 31 | 2 | 4.3 | 0 | 0.22 | |
2023 | 0.38 | 0.57 | 0.11 | 0.22 | 6 | 214 | 0 | 24 | 526 | 13 | 5 | 65 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0.18 |
IF: | Two years Impact Factor: C2Y / D2Y |
AIF: | Average Impact Factor for all series in RePEc in year y |
CIF: | Cumulative impact factor |
IF5: | Five years Impact Factor: C5Y / D5Y |
DOC: | Number of documents published in year y |
CDO: | Cumulative number of documents published until year y |
CIT: | Number of citations to papers published in year y |
NCI: | Number of citations in year y |
CCU: | Cumulative number of citations to papers published until year y |
D2Y: | Number of articles published in y-1 plus y-2 |
C2Y: | Cites in y to articles published in y-1 plus y-2 |
D5Y: | Number of articles published in y-1 until y-5 |
C5Y: | Cites in y to articles published in y-1 until y-5 |
SC: | selft citations in y to articles published in y-1 plus y-2 |
%SC: | Percentage of selft citations in y to articles published in y-1 plus y-2 |
CiY: | Cites in year y to documents published in year y |
II: | Immediacy Index: CiY / Documents. |
AII: | Average Immediacy Index for series in RePEc in year y |
# | Year | Title | Cited |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 2012 | Monopolistic Competition: CES Redux?. (2012). Epifani, Paolo ; Bertoletti, Paolo. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0004. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 42 |
2 | 2013 | Monopolistic Competition when Income Matters. (2013). Etro, Federico ; Bertoletti, Paolo. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0055. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 36 |
3 | 2017 | Heterogeneous Market Structure and Systemic Risk: Evidence from Dual Banking Systems. (2017). Giudici, Paolo ; Hashem, Shatha ; Abedifar, Pejman. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0134. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 33 |
4 | 2018 | Are Uncertainty Shocks Aggregate Demand Shocks?. (2018). rossi, lorenza ; Fasani, Stefano. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0148. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 30 |
5 | 2014 | A General Theory of Endogenous Market Structures. (2014). Etro, Federico ; Bertoletti, Paolo. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0081. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 26 |
6 | 2017 | Monopolistic Competition, As You Like It. (2017). Etro, Federico ; Bertoletti, Paolo. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0142. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 23 |
7 | 2013 | Futures price volatility in commodities markets: The role of short term vs long term speculation. (2013). Nicolini, Marcella ; Manera, Matteo ; Vignati, Ilaria . In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0042. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 20 |
8 | 2013 | The Macroeconomics of Trend Inflation. (2013). Sbordone, Argia ; Ascari, Guido. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0053. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 13 |
9 | 2013 | Mafia in the ballot box. (2013). De Luca, Giacomo ; De Feo, Giuseppe. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0057. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 12 |
10 | 2019 | The Redistributive Effects of a Money-Financed Fiscal Stimulus. (2019). rossi, lorenza ; Punzo, Chiara. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0168. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 11 |
11 | 2012 | Transparency, Expectations Anchoring and the Inflation Target. (2012). Ascari, Guido. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:022. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 10 |
12 | 2015 | Taylor Rules, Long-Run Growth and Real Uncertainty. (2015). rossi, lorenza ; Annicchiarico, Barbara. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0100. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 9 |
13 | 2014 | Endogenous Entry, Banking, and Business Cycle. (2014). rossi, lorenza ; La Croce, Carla. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0072. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 9 |
14 | 2014 | Finance, Foreign (Direct) Investment and Dutch Disease: The Case of Colombia. (2014). Missaglia, Marco ; Godin, Antoine ; Botta, Alberto. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0090. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 9 |
15 | 2014 | How to measure the quality of financial tweets. (2014). Giudici, Paolo ; Cerchiello, Paola. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:069. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 8 |
16 | 2013 | Monopolistic Competition: A Dual Approach. (2013). Etro, Federico ; Bertoletti, Paolo. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0043. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 7 |
17 | 2018 | Forecasting dynamically asymmetric fluctuations of the U.S. business cycle. (2018). Zanetti Chini, Emilio. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0156. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 7 |
18 | 2017 | Organized Crime and Technology. (2017). Flamini, Alessandro ; Caglayan, Mustafa ; Jahanshahi, Babak. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0136. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 7 |
19 | 2017 | Deep Learning Bank Distress from News and Numerical Financial Data. (2017). Cerchiello, Paola ; Sarlin, Peter ; Ronnqvist, Samuel ; Nicola, Giancarlo. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0140. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 7 |
20 | 2013 | Graphical network models for international financial flows. (2013). Giudici, Paolo ; Spelta, Alessandro. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0052. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 7 |
21 | 2018 | Monopolistic Competition with GAS Preferences. (2018). Etro, Federico ; Bertoletti, Paolo. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0165. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 7 |
22 | 2020 | A Poisson autoregressive model to understand COVID-19 contagion dynamics. (2020). Giudici, Paolo ; Agosto, Arianna. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0185. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 6 |
23 | 2012 | Long memory and Periodicity in Intraday Volatility. (2012). Rossi, Eduardo ; Fantazzini, Dean. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:015. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 6 |
24 | 2021 | A data-driven approach to measuring epidemiological susceptibility risk around the world. (2021). Mertzanis, Charilaos ; Cerchiello, Paola ; Bitetto, Alessandro. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0200. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 6 |
25 | 2014 | Conditional graphical models for systemic risk measurement. (2014). Giudici, Paolo ; Cerchiello, Paola. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:087. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 6 |
26 | 2013 | A better indicator of standards of living: The Gross National Disposable Income. (2013). Vaggi, Gianni ; Capelli, Clara . In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0062. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 6 |
27 | 2015 | Endogenous Firms Exit, Inefficient Banks and Business Cycle Dynamics. (2015). rossi, lorenza. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0099. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 6 |
28 | 2014 | The price and income elasticities of the top clothing exporters: Evidence from a panel data analysis. (2014). Lorenzini, Eleonora ; Bianchi, Carluccio ; Baiardi, Donatella . In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:074. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 6 |
29 | 2014 | New-Keynesian Phillips Curve with Bertrand Competition and Endogenous Entry. (2014). rossi, lorenza ; Etro, Federico. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0079. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 6 |
30 | 2015 | Firms Endogenous Entry and Monopolistic Banking in a DSGE model. (2015). rossi, lorenza ; La Croce, Carla . In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0104. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 5 |
31 | 2012 | Estimation of long memory in integrated variance. (2012). Santucci de Magistris, Paolo ; Rossi, Eduardo. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:017. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 5 |
32 | 2016 | Productivity Shocks and Uncertainty Shocks in a Model with Endogenous Firms Exit and Inefficient Banks. (2016). rossi, lorenza. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0128. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 5 |
33 | 2012 | A new estimator of the discovery probability. (2012). Lijoi, Antonio ; Favaro, Stefano ; Prunster, Igor. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0007. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 5 |
34 | Financial Reliability and Firms Export Activity. (2014). Forlani, Emanuele. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0093. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 5 | |
35 | 2014 | Inference on Factor Structures in Heterogeneous Panels. (2014). Trapani, Lorenzo ; Rossi, Eduardo ; Castagnetti, Carolina. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0088. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 5 |
36 | 2016 | Firmsââ¬â¢ Dynamics and Business Cycle: New Disaggregated Data. (2016). Zanetti Chini, Emilio ; rossi, lorenza. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0123. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 5 |
37 | 2014 | A Two-Stage Estimator for Heterogeneous Panel Models with Common Factors. (2014). Trapani, Lorenzo ; Rossi, Eduardo ; Castagnetti, Carolina. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0066. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 5 |
38 | 2016 | CoRisk: measuring systemic risk through default probability contagion. (2016). Parisi, Laura ; Giudici, Paolo. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0116. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 4 |
39 | 2018 | Understanding the gender wage gap differential between public and private sector in Italy: A quantile approach for panel data. (2018). Castagnetti, Carolina ; Giorgetti, Maria Letizia. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0162. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 4 |
40 | 2016 | Natives and Migrants in Home Production: The Case of Germany. (2016). Mendolicchio, Concetta ; Lodigiani, Elisabetta ; Forlani, Emanuele. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0125. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 4 |
41 | 2012 | Independent Factor Autoregressive Conditional Density Model. (2012). Urga, Giovanni ; Rossi, Eduardo ; Ghalanos, Alexios . In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:021. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 4 |
42 | 2017 | Assessing News Contagion in Finance. (2017). Cerchiello, Paola ; Nicola, Giancarlo. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0139. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 4 |
43 | 2013 | Estimating bank default with generalised extreme value models. (2013). Giudici, Paolo ; Calabrese, Raffaella. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:035. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 4 |
44 | 2012 | Do non-stop flights boost exports?. (2012). Gaggero, Alberto ; Alderighi, Marco. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:012. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 4 |
45 | 2021 | Information theoretic causality detection between financial and sentiment data. (2021). Aste, Tomaso ; Cerchiello, Paola ; Scaramozzino, Roberta. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0202. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 3 |
46 | 2014 | The Macroeconomics of a Financial Dutch Disease. (2014). Botta, Alberto. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0089. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 3 |
47 | 2013 | Measuring risk with ordinal variables. (2013). Giudici, Paolo ; Figini, Silvia . In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:032. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 3 |
48 | 2020 | Libra or Librae? Basket based stablecoins to mitigate foreign exchange volatility spillovers. (2020). Giudici, Paolo ; Leach, Thomas ; Pagnottoni, Paolo. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0183. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 3 |
49 | 2018 | Smoking Inequality across Genders and Socio-economic Classes. Evidence from Longitudinal Italian Data. (2018). Migheli, Matteo ; Jacobs, Rowena ; di Novi, Cinzi. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0152. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 3 |
50 | 2021 | Network Based Evidence of the Financial Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic. (2021). Ahelegbey, Daniel Felix ; Cerchiello, Paola ; Scaramozzino, Roberta. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0198. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 3 |
# | Year | Title | Cited |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 2017 | Heterogeneous Market Structure and Systemic Risk: Evidence from Dual Banking Systems. (2017). Giudici, Paolo ; Hashem, Shatha ; Abedifar, Pejman. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0134. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 16 |
2 | 2018 | Are Uncertainty Shocks Aggregate Demand Shocks?. (2018). rossi, lorenza ; Fasani, Stefano. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0148. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 11 |
3 | 2021 | A data-driven approach to measuring epidemiological susceptibility risk around the world. (2021). Mertzanis, Charilaos ; Cerchiello, Paola ; Bitetto, Alessandro. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0200. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 6 |
4 | 2019 | The Redistributive Effects of a Money-Financed Fiscal Stimulus. (2019). rossi, lorenza ; Punzo, Chiara. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0168. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 5 |
5 | 2014 | A General Theory of Endogenous Market Structures. (2014). Etro, Federico ; Bertoletti, Paolo. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0081. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 3 |
6 | 2013 | Futures price volatility in commodities markets: The role of short term vs long term speculation. (2013). Nicolini, Marcella ; Manera, Matteo ; Vignati, Ilaria . In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0042. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 3 |
7 | 2021 | Information theoretic causality detection between financial and sentiment data. (2021). Aste, Tomaso ; Cerchiello, Paola ; Scaramozzino, Roberta. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0202. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 3 |
8 | 2018 | Forecasting dynamically asymmetric fluctuations of the U.S. business cycle. (2018). Zanetti Chini, Emilio. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0156. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 2 |
9 | 2021 | Foreign debt sustainability and human development in Sub Saharan Africa. (2021). Vaggi, Gianni ; Frigerio, Luca. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0203. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 2 |
10 | 2021 | Network Based Evidence of the Financial Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic. (2021). Ahelegbey, Daniel Felix ; Cerchiello, Paola ; Scaramozzino, Roberta. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0198. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 2 |
11 | 2015 | An Overview on D-stable Matrices. (2015). Zuccotti, Cesare . In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0097. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 2 |
12 | 2020 | A Poisson autoregressive model to understand COVID-19 contagion dynamics. (2020). Giudici, Paolo ; Agosto, Arianna. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0185. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 2 |
13 | 2016 | CoRisk: measuring systemic risk through default probability contagion. (2016). Parisi, Laura ; Giudici, Paolo. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0116. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 2 |
14 | 2015 | Taylor Rules, Long-Run Growth and Real Uncertainty. (2015). rossi, lorenza ; Annicchiarico, Barbara. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0100. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 2 |
15 | 2017 | Deep Learning Bank Distress from News and Numerical Financial Data. (2017). Cerchiello, Paola ; Sarlin, Peter ; Ronnqvist, Samuel ; Nicola, Giancarlo. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0140. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 2 |
16 | 2013 | A better indicator of standards of living: The Gross National Disposable Income. (2013). Vaggi, Gianni ; Capelli, Clara . In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0062. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | 2 |
Year | Title | |
---|---|---|
2023 | Vector Autoregression in Cryptocurrency Markets: Unraveling Complex Causal Networks. (2023). Roughan, Matthew ; Mitchell, Lewis ; Cornell, Cameron. In: Papers. RePEc:arx:papers:2308.15769. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | |
2023 | Measuring financial soundness around the world: A machine learning approach. (2023). Mertzanis, Charilaos ; Cerchiello, Paola ; Bitetto, Alessandro. In: International Review of Financial Analysis. RePEc:eee:finana:v:85:y:2023:i:c:s105752192200401x. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | |
2023 | On the efficient synthesis of short financial time series: A Dynamic Factor Model approach. (2023). Mertzanis, Charilaos ; Cerchiello, Paola ; Bitetto, Alessandro. In: Finance Research Letters. RePEc:eee:finlet:v:53:y:2023:i:c:s1544612323000521. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | |
2023 | Initial coin offerings and ESG: Allies or enemies?. (2023). Cerchiello, Paola ; Bitetto, Alessandro. In: Finance Research Letters. RePEc:eee:finlet:v:57:y:2023:i:c:s1544612323005998. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | |
2023 |
Year | Citing document | |
---|---|---|
2021 | Information theoretic causality detection between financial and sentiment data. (2021). Aste, Tomaso ; Cerchiello, Paola ; Scaramozzino, Roberta. In: DEM Working Papers Series. RePEc:pav:demwpp:demwp0202. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper |
Year | Citing document | |
---|---|---|
2020 | Tail Risk Transmission: A Study of the Iran Food Industry. (2020). Giudici, Paolo ; Ahelegbey, Daniel Felix ; Mojtahedi, Fatemeh ; Mojaverian, Seyed Mojtaba. In: Risks. RePEc:gam:jrisks:v:8:y:2020:i:3:p:78-:d:387092. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | |
2020 | First Quarter Chronicle of COVID-19: An Attempt to Measure Governmentsâ Responses. (2020). Constantinescu, Corina ; del Carmen, Maria ; Ahin, Ule ; Zhu, Wei ; Wang, Jing ; Henshaw, Kira ; Eisenberg, Julia. In: Risks. RePEc:gam:jrisks:v:8:y:2020:i:4:p:115-:d:439377. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper | |
2020 | On the use of growth models to understand epidemic outbreaks with application to COVID-19 data. (2020). Kakai, Romain Glele ; Lokonon, Bruno Enagnon ; Tovissode, Chenangnon Frederic. In: PLOS ONE. RePEc:plo:pone00:0240578. Full description at Econpapers || Download paper |